Card Equipment Can my 802.11b card in my laptop hook up in a internet cafe in italy without any additional equipment?
I would also like to know assuming that the connection can be made, can I use a skype account to call the US form Italy and does anyone have an idea as to what is the cost per minute?
if the cafe has a "b" compliant wifi...i see no reason that you could not connect.
as for skype not so sure on the rates.
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Hatikva national anthem played on restored jewish Holocaust violins
The Politics of Archaeology in Islamic Nations
The Politics of Archaeology in Islamic Nations
"Who controls the past, controls the future.
Who controls the present controls the past."
-George Orwell, 1984
Archaeology is a subjective field of study, with myriad professional approaches and opinions concerning its role in global and national politics. At its inception, archaeology was an imperialist innovation that often harmed the continuity of antiquity in colonized nations. Therefore, as a science it must endeavor to discredit criticism and skepticism amongst modern communities. Nationalist movements in the Middle East, descendants of imperialist ideology and its repercussions, affect both beneficial and detrimental influences on archaeological research. These same nationalist groups often use their county's patrimony to legitimize their specific represented demographic, be it religious, ethnic, or national. Determining the historical validities of varying approaches is exceedingly difficult, in that it requires political and historical neutrality beyond individual human capacity. Indeed, this is a concern that can only truly be resolved by the collective understanding of future generations concerning current archaeological practices and conclusions.
One must consider a number of factors when attempting to understand the realities of practicing archaeological research in the Middle East. Historically, there is the conflicting heritage of the science itself, which undeniably developed out the colonialist mindset of European nations during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Legally, there is cause for extreme sensitivity in dealing with excavations and artifacts in a manner that upholds national and international regulations. Publicly, there is the consideration of local communities, some of whom look favorably on uncovering their patrimony and some of whom are either wary of or fully opposed to certain areas of research, especially when conducted by foreign teams. Politically, there is the necessity of meeting governmental approval in order to excavate a site, a task that is vastly complicated and multi-faceted, and completely dependant on the policies of the individual country. Finally, there is the religious concern. Since Middle Eastern nations are primarily Muslim, whether officially or demographically, Islam informs scholarship on a variety of levels, in direct correlation with its overall position in relation to the region. In areas where fundamentalist or militarist Islam is a political and social concern, there are invariably conflicts between these groups and archaeologists.
To further address the first issue, the history of archaeology in the Near and Middle East deeply reflects the general practices of imperialism. Traditions developed directly dependant upon the early intervention of the colonialist states. Within the last two centuries, archaeology developed and emerged as a completely new science, leaving recent generations to struggle with unprecedented dilemmas in international relations. Repercussions of malpractices performed and innovations established have caused and will incur unforeseeable outcomes in the archaeological as well as the global community. Politically, there might appear to be a correlation in approaches to government and archaeology in predominantly Islamic nations. Those nations whose leaders seek to incorporate "Western" practices, or at least to present themselves as doing such, most often sustain an active and successful Department of Antiquities or other form archaeological program. These governments include but are by no means limited to Egypt, Turkey, and Southern Cyprus. In his interview with Archaeology magazine, Juris Zarins referenced that in his experience working in Yemen and other Gulf Arab states, his American colleagues often avoided excavating in those regions out of concern for the violent political situations. He contests that the national governments and universities are largely encouraging of foreign assistance, even if the public may be wary of a Western presence. (Zarins)
On the other hand, administrations with traditionalist Islamic foundations are critical of if not openly hostile towards the pursuit of archaeology. To varying degrees, the Wahabbi movement of the nineteenth century formed the ever-increasing limitations facing historians worldwide. These regions include Northern Cyprus, Iran, Afghanistan, and the Gulf States. Their individual policies range from ethnically motivated prioritizing (present when excavating any native culture) to government mandated destruction of major sites. There is no simple summary of any individual policy; therefore, this argument does not suggest a simplistic polar differentiation between the aforementioned categories. Wording such a discussion can prove difficult, since it is complicated to interpret and express the immense dualities extant in any system, specifically when incorporating the upheavals and external interference affecting many Islamic countries and countries with large Muslim populations. Instead, the focus must be to evaluate the development and current activities of each system, as well as their roles in the global archaeological community.
Personal experience indicates that when the average American hears the word archaeology, he may immediately envision one of two popularized cultural representations. Some will envision a young Harrison Ford boldly venturing into savage territory to recover a magical artifact. Others associate the word with pyramids, pharaohs, and the eternal image of the mask of Tutankhamun. Archaeological research clearly extends beyond the realm of the Ancient Egyptians, both geographically and chronologically. However, due to its disproportionate influence on the field of archaeology, it may serve as the primary example for those nations for whom it proves ideologically and financially beneficial to encourage excavations. The realities of Egyptology, the term used for the study of Egyptian history and culture, are obviously far more complex than either of the aforementioned general misconceptions. Firstly, the individual archaeologist undergoes obstacles far less fantastical than those encountered by Indiana Jones, although his prove no less politically charged or precarious. Secondly, the range of historical patrimony far exceeds the pharaonic achievements first encountered in the field. This second point, however, directly relates to the difficulties faced by modern Egyptologists, in that it reflects the historical baggage resulting from early excavations within a region rich with easily accessible evidence of antiquities from the Ancient period.
Interest in the archaeological wonders offered readily by the Egyptian landscape inspired Napoleon Bonaparte as a young soldier and scientist, and this later provoked his decision to invest vast resources in discovering and retrieving valuable artifacts. He sought to incorporate the grandeur of the ancient empire into the philosophy of French expansionism, simultaneously presenting to the public their ability to conquer and absorb such an impressive heritage. Bonaparte even went so far as to import, in addition to incalculable treasures and mummies, full obelisks that still stand in France today. Many would argue that Bonaparte's programs, active around the turn of the nineteenth century, was the inception of the science of archaeology, and immediately thereafter archaeology became another means by which European countries could derive a profit from the Middle East, as well as compete with one another for predominance. The latter motivation expressed itself in the race to decipher hieroglyphs after the accidental discovery of the Rosetta Stone, ultimately accomplished by the French man Champollion. Modern experts herald this as the birth of Egyptology. (Tassie) Western powers emphasized this as an important task, so much so that it ascended from academic pursuit to nationalistic competition, each providing resources to leading scholars while pressuring them to unravel the ancient language as quickly as possible.
Despite the official role of the Ottoman Empire over Egypt after 1805, and the utilization of the local population in maintaining government affairs, Egypt was heavily indebted to Western powers, particularly England. As a result, whether maintaining direct or indirect control, the majority of archaeological research in Egypt was funded, led, and conducted by primarily British or French individuals and teams. The first incarnation of a domestic body responsible for the management of archaeology was the Department of Antiquities, founded in 1858, with the French Auguste Marriette as its director. During this period, there were little to no regulations in place that defined Egyptian patrimony as belonging to its government, rather than the excavator. Generally, the country itself retained only what the excavating team did not want to keep. By this point, there was legislation limiting the number and potential historical value of artifacts that the excavator could retain. Although these restrictions were liberal and still allowed the team the majority of their discoveries, many foreigners disregarded them either for profit or to enhance their personal or national collection. For instance, there are the unfortunate realities that surround perhaps the most notorious moment in Egyptology, the famous discovery of an undisturbed tomb in the Valley of the Kings in 1922, which was the culmination of an enormously lengthy and costly series of excavations, was the combined effort of Howard Carter and his patron Lord George Canarvon, both Englishmen. Carter's personal residence, a Western style house perched on a hill overlooking the site, reportedly displayed numerous invaluable treasures from the subterranean tomb, and there are documented cases of him smuggling certain objects back to England that were legally property of the state. In the following decade, The Department of Antiquities passed reforms that further limited the artifacts belonging to the expedition rather than the Cultural branch of the Egyptian government. As a result both of Carter's actions and government measures, there was a significant decrease in both physical archaeology and scholarly interest advancing the understanding of Egypt's heritage. Still, both looting and illegal export threatened conservation. (Tassie)
A major turning point in Egyptology came in 1952, with the military coup led by Colonel Gamal Abd el-Nasser and other young officers from the Egyptian Army. The outcome of this upheaval was that military authoritarianism under Nasser replaced the British-supported monarchy of King Farouk. This was a major reversal for many factions of Egyptian life and state, including the realm of archaeology. A new state ideology needed to develop to express to the Egyptian people the notion of reclamation and autonomy after generations of foreign intervention. It was a period of intense social and financial reactions to the tenuous hold on independence in a system heavily inculcated with the institutions and archaeological conceptions of the external "enemy." The matter was complicated further by the fact that it was an authority fabricated in accordance with the enormous influence of Hitler's theories on governance and ethnic pride as he presented them to earlier Egyptian leadership. Nasser's ambition was to create an overarching Middle Eastern Arab nationalism, pan-Arabism, that superseded the legacy of the individual country or region. Pan-Arabism was a popular and formative theory in the early development of many Middle Eastern nations, particularly Lebanon and Syria, emphasizing the common heritage shared by Arab peoples predating the introduction of Islam. Nasser accomplished this under his administration by undermining the significance and relevance of Egypt's Pharaonic history in education, political statements, and research funding. Additionally, he officially eliminated the use of misr, the historical name used for Egypt, and from 1958 until 1961, the region became the South Eastern Province of the United Arab Republic. Subject matter dated before the revolution was dismissed as being from a dark age (Fassad) that could not compare to and therefore had no relevance in the modern state. However, this period also saw the formation of an international group devoted to historical preservation and regulation that reconfigured the practice of Egyptology and redefined the reputation of foreign groups working in the field from invasive to supportive. (Meskell: Hassan, 207)
There are efforts to counteract colonialist memory and represent Egyptology as a modern science belonging to the people and aware of threats to the patrimony, which currently appear to be both well implemented and largely successful. The credit for these belongs to Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA), which emerged under the auspices of the Department of Culture in 1972. The foundation of the SCA was in reality a reformatting the previous body, the Egyptian Antiquities Organization. From 2002 until the present Dr. Zahi Hawass, a native Cairean educated at the University of Pennsylvania, serves as the Secretary General of this body. Dr. Hawass is engaged locally and globally in many archaeological initiatives and reforms. His primary activities include increasing the involvement of Egyptians in excavating and understanding their national patrimony, as well as engaging in high-profile legal disputes over certain artifacts that he asserts belong in Egyptian institutions based on national and UNESCO regulations.
Modern Egyptian archaeologists, as with most professionals in the field, must reconcile the conflicted history of advancements and detrimental activities with the current incarnation of the practice. There is a level of mistrust founded upon earlier abuse, as well as preconceived conclusions that escape reevaluation due to political and ideological biases on both the local and global scales. Yet this inheritance is only one factor in the overall realities facing those working in Egypt today. There are certain obstacles, such as human expansion, looting, and the illegal antiquities trade. The population is growing at a rate of one million people each year, and urban and farming communities constantly need to spread into previously unused areas to compensate, often utilizing well digging or irrigation systems for their livelihoods. This means that potentially valuable sites become compromised by either development or flooding from the newly introduced water systems before experts have the chance to investigate them. There are also extensive ongoing international negotiations intended to reclaim artifacts that officially belong to the government, but remain in the possession of foreign collectors and, most often, museums.
Yet despite these challenges, archaeology in Egypt is a vastly successful science, in terms of government support, the incorporation of native professionals, and public opinion. In recent years, scholarship has almost invariably asserted the theory that the colossal monuments and edifices were built not by slaves, but by the Egyptian people under a system of corvée. Ideologically, this endows modern Egyptians with a certain sense of empowerment and national pride, shifting the importance of the accomplishment from the individual ruler for whom it was built onto the collective of farmers who physically constructed it. The actual practice of archaeology encounters certain criticisms among local communities based on the tendency for the Western teams to oversee the excavation, with local lower class men performing the actual rough excavations and carrying away the dirt and sand, both of which are intense manual labor. Still, this also provides employment in an overpopulated region, and expeditions often boost the economy of towns surrounding remote sites.
Following the scientific evolution in Egypt, one can extrapolate the essential pattern of Arab nations with similar political and cultural developments towards independence. Reactions to colonialist practices affect Western scholars even in the most accessible Middle Eastern nations, but fortunately such governments participate in the demystification of archaeology for reasons academic, financial, ideological, and any number of additional motivations. As demonstrated throughout Egyptian history, often the most effective means for counteracting invasive archaeology is with this approach of direct involvement, creating legal channels through which the preservation of antiquities is monitored and any misconduct can be pursued. Turkey created a precedent for this form legislation devoted to cultural conservation in response to the increasingly apparent detriment caused by foreign appropriation, both intellectually and physically, of Anatolian heritage. In 1884 the Ottomans enacted the first antiquities law, declaring everything excavated to be the property of the state and banning the export of artifacts. As with Carter and his contemporaries in Egypt, early European archaeologists in Turkey largely disregarded the latter proscription. However, as the political situation in Turkey evolved, enforcement became more frequent and effective. The 1884 law remained the national regulation until 1972, and largely informed the legislation currently in effect. (Meskell: Özdoğan, 115)
State historical policy under the Ottomans emphasized pan-Turkism, embracing the developing understanding of Turkic ancestry both within and beyond the national borders. In October of 1923, Mustafa Kemal Atataturk became the first President of the Republic of Turkey, replacing the Sultanate that had governed the region for over six centuries. Kemal accomplished this revolution without violence or intimidation, but rather by drafting a proposal to the Turkish National Assembly. In addition to reforming the political situation, as President he redefined the nation's cultural affiliations. He rejected the ethnic orientation of Ottoman pan-Turkism, preferring instead to support Anatolianism, the common heritage of the people in relation to the physical boundaries of the Anatolian Peninsula. In this way, he incorporated Sumerian and Hittite history into Turkish nationalism. (Meskell: Özdoğan, 117) This model proved more accurate and realistic than focusing exclusively on the Turks, since Anatolian history is defined by exploitation by both Eastern and Western empires, the majority of which considered the region as strategically valuable in their inter-empirical conflicts. The result of this was frequent cultural upheaval at each conquest, as well as forced immigration of alien nomadic tribes intended to pacify the region, eventually settling and integrating themselves amongst the extant population. Anatolianism also established an indiscriminant archaeological policy in Turkey, since it asserts that the entirety of the regional heritage is relevant to the current incarnation of the state and its population. The consequence of this is a welcoming atmosphere for scholarship and an egalitarian approach to government funding of excavations. A cultural breakdown of the major excavations in 1995 shows that of the sixty-three active sites thirty were from the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods; twenty-four belonged to the pre or proto-historic era; and nine dated from the introduction of Islam. The first decade of the Republic was the only time in Turkish history when there were no foreign archaeologists in the region, working independently or alongside their native counterparts. From the 1930's until the present day there have been European and American experts working in tandem with the government and its expeditions. (Meskell, 118)
No region provides a more conspicuous and telling contradiction of archaeological practices than the island of Cyprus. In studying this area, clear delineations between secular and religious practices in the field simultaneously express the vast differences between governmental approaches and the superficiality of these distinctions. In 1963, three short years after Cyprus gained independence, the Department of Antiquities reformatted their legislation. The revision proscribed excavating without a license, and stipulated that license holders must provide all of their discoveries to the national Cyprus Museum without receiving monetary compensation. During the 1960's archaeological research flourished throughout the Republic of Cyprus, exploring sites from throughout the island's history and involving scholars imported from foreign nations, both Western and Arab, who worked closely with and trained a new generation of educated Cypriotes to be experts in their own national heritage. Tragically, this open academic atmosphere encountered extreme limitations barely a decade after its configuration.
In 1974, tensions leading to open conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriotes enabled the Turkish government to occupy the northern portion of the island, declaring and maintaining control over 37.2 percent of the land. Although never internationally recognized anywhere outside of Turkey, the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" declared independence in 1983 and continues to occupy and govern their territory as a de facto independent government entirely separate from the official Republic, which nominally controls 97 percent of the island despite that their authority is recognized only in the southern two-thirds. The ramifications of this political stalemate on archaeology and general historical understanding are drastically detrimental. Since 1974, the Turkish occupation and subsequent Republic has not allowed excavations of any sites, to the extent that scholars are denied access entirely. Under their authority, countless antiquities crimes have been perpetrated, including the destruction of both ancient and modern structures and the revitalization of illegal trade and smuggling. In response, research in the South flourished and new sites opened to accommodate those teams displaced by the Northern government. (Meskell: Knapp & Antoniadou, 31) Indeed, nearly the entirety of understanding of the rich and enigmatic Cypriote history derives from expeditions in the south. Without even basic access to sites, it is impossible to determine the invaluable variety of cultural remnants that exist, nor those already destroyed, that would serve to inform historical perspectives on Cyprus. An additional and arguably grander loss comes from the inability to explore further the island's impact on global history, based on current conclusions that it had constant interactions with cultures throughout the Mediterranean world from the earliest known societies through to the modern day.
There is often a correlation, as in northern Cyprus, between governmental bodies with a contentious claim to power and the mishandling of national patrimony. The exact motivations vary with each individual political reality, yet there is the discernable overarching trend of ideological invention, through which the dominant group must redefine historical and philosophical trends in order to express a validation of their position to the public whom they seek to control. For instance, in examining the Gulf Arab states, namely Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman, rationalize negligent and even destructive policies with a system of opinions deeply entrenched in the public mindset. Certain aspects of the nationalistic creed of Gulf nations are descendant from the Wahabbi movement, which influenced a cultural redirection towards traditionalism in the nineteenth century. (Meskell: Potts, 195) This shift largely obliterated earlier, more globally oriented awareness in favor of an archaeological, historical, and social emphasis on the supremacy of Islamic culture over the wealth of heritage offered by the numerous cultures that served in the formation of local and global development.
The repercussions of this narrowed perspective on individual understanding are perceptible in the rationale of eastern Arabian people in relation to their self-contextualization within regional heritage. The population will justify the general neglect of pre-Islamic periods through their state-endorsed conception of socio-geographic trends. According to popular theory, during the century prior to the inception of Islam flood cycles and dam failures forced a series of Arab migrations from Yemen into the northeastern region of the peninsula. Therefore, average modern citizen believes himself to be the descendant of these immigrants, and consequently does not associate his personal lineage with the pre-Islamic societies that occupied the territory from prehistoric times through until the sixth or seventh century C.E. An interesting archaeological application of this ethnic delineation, outside of the general disinterest of both government and individual in excavating pre-Islamic sites, is the dualistic approach to burials. Regardless of the origin of a site, it is common to encounter strata with interred human remains. On the rare occasion that there is active pre-Islamic research there is no objection by local Islamic team members against methodically yet promptly exhuming the skeletons in order to investigate the earlier evidence below. Conversely, implementing the same procedure at an Islamic site would be abhorrent, and indeed is impossible in the context of Islamic archaeology. (Meskell: Potts, 195)
An unforeseeable adverse effect of this ideological separation from the regional heritage arose in response to the exploration of the role of the gulf region in the cultural and commercial trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley. New discoveries of the earliest known architecture in modern Oman indicates its direct correlation with the established pattern of the Harappan civilization centered in the Indus. As a result of these findings, Indians and Pakistanis in Oman, many of whom are second or third generation residents, now contest their inability to attain citizenship or equal status in the state. Instead, many began to claim prior ownership of the region. As evidenced in a variety of regions, most notably manifested in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (ref. el-Haj), incorporating historical precedents of territorial occupancy complicates the political process and often negates any potential solution. (Meskell: Potts, 196) Should the Indian/Pakistani position continue to increase in popularity amongst the disenfranchised and politically malcontent minority, the state will face an interesting and potentially sociologically informative conundrum between maintaining the current Islam-centric ideology and combating the physically evidenced assertion that threatens to undermine the current leadership.
Although there is no legal proscription against excavating pre-Islamic sites anywhere in the gulf region, limitations enforced under the guise of religious and nationalistic preservation affect the extent to which researchers can further historical understanding in relation to the Arabian peninsula. For instance, there has never been exploration into the eastern portion of Yemen, no foreign expeditions and only a handful of individuals have been permitted to excavate in Saudi Arabia since the national survey between 1974 and 1986, during which foreign groups worked for the government. (Zarins) The disadvantage of excluding foreign, primarily Western, archaeologists is that there are still very limited amounts of local scholarship possessing adequate training in their particular region or in the more general methods archaeological practice. The nature of archaeological research actually rejects profiting off the discoveries in favor of the local, international, and scholarly consensus that findings belong to the abstract of cultural heritage rather than to an individual. However, this results a profession almost entirely dependant on institutional grants or individual wealth. Therefore, few citizens are willing or in many cases financially capable of disregarding the immediate potential of entering a developing industrialized profession in favor of devoting the time and resources necessary to establish oneself within academia. The consequence of this unfortunate reality is that most archaeologists currently active in the gulf countries are imported from other Arabic-speaking regions, primarily Egypt and the Sudan. These scholars, while well qualified to practice and instruct in the field, possess cultural and historical perspectives that relate to their training in the general shared trends of Arabic and Islamic histories more than to the particular events that relate to the host territories. Additionally, their instruction may have certain adverse influences on the biases of the next generation of local scholarship. (Meskell: Potts, 197)
Emphasis on local proficiency is the paradigm for reaction to foreign intrusion amongst independent states seeking to extend the sense of reclamation from imperialist powers into every aspect of internal affairs, including archaeological research. In 1936, four years after gaining independence from Britain, the Iraqi government under King Ghazi enacted legislation restricting foreign expeditions in the attempt to replace these teams gradually with an Iraqi dominated scholarship. The accompanying academic philosophy taught the importance of understanding regional culture and history to inform international understanding, rather than the opposite approach that was, and in some areas remains, the methodology for creating a more complete understanding of human history. More recently, under the leadership of Saddam Hussein, state ideology concerning archaeological research and its conclusions shifted to accommodate and ideally overcome the politically precarious situation of ongoing internal conflicts. The Iraqi people were (and still are) religiously and ethnically divided along what may be viewed as essentially irrelevant party lines. Hussein implemented a program that preferred the model of a common heritage, utilizing pan-Arabic theory as well as developing a strong association with the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. As well as confronting local sectarian violence, Hussein's policies incorporated a vast range of regional and global historical ideology.
Although the purity of intention and overall outcome of Hussein's patronage of archaeology are subject to debate, there remains the undeniable legacy left by these initiatives on archaeological policy and historical suppositions within Iraq. He established the State Organization for Antiquities and Heritage, funded the renovation of national museums, and the excavations and restorations of those ancient sites that correlated with his espousal of Iraqi heritage. In investing an immense amount of resources in the restoration of Mesopotamian cultural affiliations, most notably the enormous rebuilding program of ancient Babylon, Hussein simultaneously sought to legitimize his rule, unite the people under a common heritage, appease international critics, and finally to demonstrate the chronological and perhaps historical primacy of Iraq over Iran within pan-Arabism.
Determination of the overall success of these activities will remain undefined until future scholars can evaluate them within their global historical context, which most likely extends up to and beyond the current moment due to ongoing international involvement in Iraq. For instance, the central museum in Hussein's restorations was ransacked in the immediate aftermath of the original American invasion. This was the direct result, accurately predicted by Iraqi historians, due to American non-compliance with international legislation. According to the Hague Conventions from the first half of the twentieth century, it is the legal and moral responsibility of an invading force to actively protect local sites and institutions of cultural importance. The American forces knowingly disregarded this commitment, as a result of which art thieves and common looters alike encountered no difficulty in openly entering the museum and stealing thousands of priceless and immensely significant artifacts, the majority of which have not been recovered. Since 2003, there has been little archaeological activity in Iraq due to the potential danger involved. On the other hand, constant warfare and the frequent use of indiscriminate bombings by both sides has damaged or destroyed countless sites of vast historical value both for Iraqi patrimony and as the "cradle" of human civilization.
While leadership on both sides of the American-Iraqi conflict may see their actions as unfortunate accidents, yet another casualty of what is an overall legitimate and necessary struggle, not all recent incidences of historical obliteration are defended as accidental. In the Arab world, fundamentalist militant sects of Islam, whether politically dominant or revolutionary within their respective county, are responsible for some of the most tragic losses of antiquities in the last century. To cite every example and its political inspirations and ramifications is too daunting a task to address in this context, yet the following instances represent the overall tragedy of these irreversible losses. The first and perhaps the most puzzling Islamic anti-historical actions are those mandated by the Saudi government. Because the Saudi monarchy relies in part on fundamentalist Wahabbi support from to maintain power, their policies reflect obsessive Islamic purification even though their personal beliefs and activities reflect an entirely secular attitude.
Since the Saudi Arabian government controls the earliest and most influential sites in Islam, it would seem imperative that they maintain these locations, which are religiously and historically essential. However, due to the extremist interpretation of the Qur'anic proscription against idolatry, many pilgrimage destinations in and around Mecca and Medina are closed permanently to the public, to the extent that even stopping outside of one is considered heretical and forcibly prevented by military personnel. This, however, is only the case for those locations which cannot be destroyed outright, for instance the gravesite of Mohammad's first wife, where desecration would also violate Muslim law. There are numerous examples of outright methodical destruction, as well as locations intended for future demolition. Saudi bulldozers erased nearly the entirety of the city of Mecca, reports indicating that approximately 95 percent of buildings remaining from more than a thousand yeas ago have been demolished in the last twenty years. (ref. Gulf Institute) Currently, the Saudi government hopes to level the mountain in which Mohammad had his first revelation as well as his birthplace, and they are facing enormous opposition from religious and secular communities alike though such interventions have not been and are not expected to have any influence of these devastating acts. Since the intellectual and religious communities do not have the ability to prevent these unthinkable acts, they must instead turn to the international political community to initiate an effective means by which to cease this senseless destruction. The Saudis are a unique example in that the patrimony that they endeavor to erase is undeniably their own, but not in their practice of general cultural destruction justified by fundamentalist Islamic groups. As previously discussed, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, polarized by their conflict with Greek Cypriotes, actively eliminates historical sites that belong to a heritage that is not primarily Islamic.
The Taliban government in Afghanistan also sought to eliminate non-Islamic heritage, claiming their actions as a legitimate prevention of idolatry. Perhaps the most well publicized incident occurred in Bamiyan on the eighth and ninth of March of 2001, when the Taliban ordered the demolition of several Buddha statues from various periods, one dating to the third century. Although incredibly culturally detrimental, this act cannot compare with similar, earlier actions by other governments, most notably the Saudis. Still the Bamiyan Buddha incident sparked an enormous international outcry against this action, and two years later UNESCO issued the "Declaration concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage." (Rose) While vital to the process of preservation in extremist nations throughout the global community, as a document it cannot stand alone to prevent future crimes against human history. Evidence of this fact came less than three months ago, when the illegal Pakistani group Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law, currently at war with the government, used dynamite to destroy a 23-foot tall Buddha statue carved into a rock face in Swat in the seventh century. This was the second attempt against the Buddha in two months, intended both as a pro-Islamic action as well as a means by which to undermine the Pakistani government in international opinion. (Rose) The destruction of antiquities is of universal importance, regardless of ones cultural or ethnic affiliations, and while academic outcries against such actions are vital to preventing future losses, the decision to act belongs to the international power structures and on individual determination to initiate change beyond the easily disregarded proposals and regulations.
D.T. Potts, a non-Arab archaeologist working in Gulf nations, understands the current situation in relation to historical context and modern reactions thereto as such,
"The goal of bringing up generations of Arab archaeologists is not to exclude non-Arab ones from working in the area…When British and European scholars undertook archaeological excavations in the era of empires and colonies, on could say that some of the work done was imposed on the region in which it was carried out, yet another arm of colonialism. I argue that nowadays the same charge cannot be laid at the door of a non-Arab archaeologist wishing to work in an Arab country. The planet is now the field of inquiry." (Meskell: Potts, 198)
History is one of humanity's most valuable commodities, and therefore it is often at the mercy of those who seek to gain or maintain power. It is the responsibility of the modern archaeologist not only to exhibit a separation between their practice and that of the earlier colonial prototype. With our advantage of a more advanced understanding of the incalculable value of important buildings and artifacts, we must also be vigilant and act against any modern manipulation and exploitation, political or otherwise, that jeopardizes our understanding of the patrimony of our shared human ancestry.
Bibliography:
Abu el-Haj, Nadia. Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society C. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001
Ayadin, Mustafa. Turkish-American Relations: Past, Present, and Future. C. London: Rutledge. 2004 (Ch.3)
Galaty, Michael L. Archaeology Under Dictatorship. C. Library of Congress. 2004
Lowenthal, David. The Past is a Foreign Country. C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985
Meskell, Lynn. Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics, and Heritage in the Mediterranean and Middle East. C. London: Routledge. 1998
Renfrew, Colin. Loot, Legitimacy, and Ownership: The Ethical Crisis in Archaeology. C. London: Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd. 2000
Card Equipment What is the best website for card making equipment?
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it really depends what you are looking for, i use ebay a lot for bigger things and i order them from america they may take a little longer to get here and cost more in postage but they still work out cheaper and the exchange rate is in our favour.
the best website i use is craftsulove they do allsorts at reasonable prices as does happystampers and the lady that runs it is really helpful. the best website for ideas and your local store finder is docrafts this isnt a website you can order from but it will tell you where your nearest store is which is really handy
hope this helps
ps argos also does a small range of card amking equipment at good prices and they even sell ready made kits
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Is there a function in cat OS by which I can change the SN of the cisco equipment 6500 line card ?
I really saw someone in my company do that. I need to confirm if there really exist the function in catOS?
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General Knowledge- VII
WHAT IS MOBILE ELBOW?
The mobile elbow results from using the mobile for long hours. Called the 'cubital tunnel syndrome', it is also called cell phone elbow'. The problem occurs when the ulnar nerve, which runs across the elbow, down to the ring and little fingers, gets over-stretched and blood supply is restricted, sparked by holding a phone to the ear for long periods.
WHY DOES STEEL GLOW WHEN IT'S HOT?
Hot steel glows red when hot because its atoms vibrate with a lot of energy. The amount of energy varies in atoms re- sulting in a range of colours.
WHAT DOES JANUARY MEAN?
The original Roman calendar had 10 named months from March to December and two unnamed months during winter. These two months were named January and February by Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome circa 700 BC. January is named after Janus, the Roman 'god of gates, doors and the beginnings'.
WHAT'S THE AAFBAU PRINCIPLE?
The physical and chemical properties of elements are determined by the atomic structure. This, in turn, is determined by electrons and the shells, sub-shells and orbitals they reside in. The rules of placing electrons within shells is known as the Aafbau principle, which originally means 'building up'.
WHAT IS CHAPTER 11 BANKRUPTCIES IN THE US?
A case filed under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection is commonly referred to as a 'reorganization or restructuring bankruptcy'. Chapter 11 is a part of the US Bankruptcy Code under which an insolvent company is allowed to reorganize and is not liquidated. It is not shut down and sold off.
WHY DOES THE JASMINE BLOOM ONLY AT NIGHT?
Like all other flowering plants, jasmine also produces a flower inducing hormone in its leaves when exposed to bright sunlight. This hormone is called florigen (flower-generating hormone) and it migrates from the leaves to flowering shoots during the day. It accumulates in the flowering shoots of the jasmine plant and induces flowering during the night.
WHAT IS A ROMAN CIRCUS?
It was an open air stadium used for public events in the Roman empire, empire. The events usually held in such a circus were chariot and horse races and performances commemorating historical events. The performance space would be rectangular or oval surrounded by several tiers of seats for spectators. The circus would be decorated with ornate columns, obelisks and statues. The first circus built in Rome was the Circus Maximus which also happened to be its largest.
WHAT DOES THE PHRASE 'CHICKEN OUT' MEAN?
To chicken out is to stop doing something because of fear or lose courage while doing something. Sometimes, it is also used to ask a person, "Are you chicken?" or even as "Jack chickened out..." The chicken is a timid bird, which also gave rise to 'chicken-hearted'.
WHAT IS CONTACT SCRAPING?
Social networking has brought about a new trend called contact scraping, where an online company with access to a person's mail account goes through the contact list and sends out an invitation to all to join the site. Once a person enters his/her credentials, like user name or password, the company sweeps through the contact list. The company gets free publicity and widens its user base, but could put the person concerned in an embarrassing and annoying situation, especially when there are friendly mails from strangers in return.
HOW ARE DEEMED UNIVERSITIES DIFFERENT FROM OTHERS?
Ordinary universities are officially approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India as per the latter's guidelines for the universities' overall supervision and administration. 'Deemed university' is a term indicative of status of autonomy granted to high performing institutes and departments of various universities. Such status enables deemed universities not only full autonomy in setting course work, syllabus and research centres, but also allows it to set it's own guidelines for admission, fee and instructions to students. Parent universities have no control over deemed universities in matters of overall administration.
WHY IS SEA WATER VERY HIGH IN SALT CONTENT?
The average salinity of sea water is about 3.5%. One cubic mile of sea water contains 166 million tonne of salt. The salts of the sea come from the breaking up of rocks and gradual wearing away of mountains releasing salts that are washed down by rainwater. It is estimated that more than 400 million tonne of dissolved salts are brought to the sea every year by 27,000 cubic km of water. The second source of salt is rocks beneath the ocean bed. There has been a constant slow addition of sea salinity due to evaporation from the ocean surface, combined by discharge from land.
WHAT IS A CHEMICAL BOND? HOW IS IT FORMED?
A chemical bond is one in which atoms of different or same elements combine to become stable. There are two types of chemical bonds —electro-valent bond and covalent bond. In an electrovalent bond, a metal donates an electron to a non-metal and forms the bond. Such bonds are very strong. A covalent bond is formed between non-metals only. These are easy to break.
IS RAIN WATER COMPLETELY PURE?
Rain water is considered the purest form of water. Impurities and salts present in water on earth are left behind during vaporisation by the sun. However, the rain water we receive on earth is not necessarily pure, as it brings down impurities and particles present in the atmosphere along with it.
WHAT IS 'THE MAGIC OF SCHEHERAZADE'?
The Magic of Scheherazade is a game for the Nintendo Entertainment System released by Culture Brain in 1989. It is the translation of the 1987 Famicom game Arabian Dream Scheherazade. The game was innovative for its time, incorporating elements of adventure and RPG styles.
WHAT IS FUNEMPLOYMENT?
'Funemployment' came into being with the recession, when people began losing jobs. It means unemployed individuals making use of the break to enjoy their free time — travel, take up physical activity and have a good time but at little cost. They may not have been able to do this earlier. The funemployed are young people who have few responsibilities and commitments and can afford a break. They also use the time to find another job, but don't spend time worrying about it.
WHAT IS MEDIAWIKI?
A wiki is a web application that allows users to create and edit web page content using a web browser. The term wiki also refers to the collaborative software used to create such a website. Mediawiki is a wiki software package licensed under the GNU General Public License, making it free and open source software. This Mediawiki software is used to run the popular web encyclopaedia Wikipedia, besides all projects of Wikimedia, wikis hosted by Wikia, and many other wikis.
WHY DON'T THE TEETH OF ANIMALS DECAY THOUGH THEY NEVER BRUSH THEIR TEETH?
According to WHO, decaying of teeth is a localized, post-eruptive pathologic external process, involving hard tooth tissue and formation of cavities. There is demineralization of teeth by acids produced in the oral environment, due to action of oral acidogenic bacteria on carbohydrates found in cooked food and drinks. Animals are either herbivorous or carnivorous or both, and survive on uncooked, raw food, rich in fibre, which needs a lot of chewing to digest, thereby cleansing the teeth naturally It is like brushing teeth and massaging gums the natural way But tooth decay is common in pets like dogs, which eat cooked food and junk food like biscuits etc.
WHICH IS THE BIGGEST STAR?
The biggest star found till date is Vy Canis Majoris, in the constellation of Canis Major. It is a red supergiant and one of the most luminous stars, 5,000 light years away from the earth with a radius of 1,800-2,100 times that of the sun. It is so large that its surface extends beyond the orbit of Saturn, were it placed in our solar system. Even light would take eight hours to complete its circumference. Though it is great, it is relatively cool, with a surface temperature of 3500 Kelvin.
WHICH IS THE WORLD'S SLEEPIEST ANIMAL?
The sleepiest animal, considered by the average number of hours of sleep a day is the koala, an arboreal animal with the scientific name Phascclarctos Cinerus, found only in Australia. Though it resembles a teddy bear, scientifically it is close to kangaroos, because it carries its young in a pouch. It lives mostly on eucalyptus trees, sleeping in the fork for 19-22 hours a day
WHAT IS THE GOLDEN ANGLE?
The golden angle separates the florets of a sunflower. Ills an approximation, since three golden arcs add up to slightly more than enough to make a circle. One of the old leaves overlaps and is pushed out in a radial line. This makes space in the inner system for a new leaf to form. New leaves move into the spaces opened as old leaves diverge.
WHO IS CALLED A DIGITAL NOMAD?
A person who works on the move is called a digital nomad. Such a worker may or may not be on the rolls of a company, and could he a consultant/freelancer/a writer on the move. They are persons with a free spirit who like a remote lifestyle and earn as they move, and believe that with discipline and the correct technology, they can be as productive as a person sitting in office. This is new tribe of people and for them, the economic downturn has brought little distress as companies turn to part-timers to save on costs.
WHAT IS A BLACK BLIZZARD?
During the drought of the 1930s in America, with no natural anchors in place, the soil dried, turned to dust and blew eastward and southward in large dark clouds. They blackened the sky and reached all the way to East Coast cities such as New York and Washington DC. Much of the soil ended up as deposits in the Atlantic Ocean, and were called 'Black Blizzards' and 'Black Rollers', and reduced visibility to a few feet. The Dust Bowl or Dirty Thirties —1930-36 and even up till 1940 — were caused by drought and decades of extensive farming without crop rotation.
WHY DO NEWSPAPERS PRINT A COMBINATION OF FOUR DOTS —BLUE, PINK, YELLOW, BLACK— AT THE BOTTOM OF EACH PAGE
The four dots — blue (cyan), pink (magenta), yellow and black are registration marks used during printing to help ensure the print is aligned properly In offset printing technology which newspapers use, the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. These primary colours go into printing a multi-coloured image and have separate plates. Each plate has its individual mark, like the colour dot.
ON WHAT BASIS ARE PINCODES DISTRIBUTED?
A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is the post office numbering or postal code system used by India Post. It's sixdigits long, and was introduced on August 15,1972. There are nine PIN zones in India. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region in which a given post office falls, the second digit the sub-region, the third the sorting district. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices.
WHO FOUNDED YOUTUBE?
Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, all early employees of PayPal, founded YouTube. Hurley studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, while Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. It was founded on February 15,2005. In Sfovember 2006, YouTube, LLC, was bought by Google me. for $1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google.
WHAT IS DERVISH MUSIC?
Dervish word originates from the Turkish word 'darvis', meaning poor or mendicant. Dervish music began among Muslim religious groups, known for their practice of energetic dancing, whirling, chanting or singing.
WHAT IS A BOOMBURB?
Aboomburb is a booming suburb or satellite townships dreamt up by developers. It gives an idea of wealth, a boom. Boomburg is a similar term. These suburbs are usually not complete towns — though they are self-sufficient.
HOW ARE ELECTRIC PYLONS PLACED ACROSS MOUNTAINS TO TRANSMIT ELECTRICITY?
Electric pylons are tall supports— made of galvanized steel lattice, steel tube or wood — used for power line construction. In normal terrain, they are assembled on the site. In mountainous regions, helicopters are used for power line construction, which are efficient but expensive. In the aerial construction method, the entire structure is pre-assembled and shifted in helicopters.
WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM 'CASH COW'?
Management guru Peter F Drucker coined the term in the mid-1960s to describe a business or product line with a large market share in a stagnant or declining market. It can yield profits reliably for some years without further investment and little maintenance. The term also has its origin in a matrix developed by Boston Consulting Group, in which enterprises have po sitions in either a growing or shrinking market, and either a growing or shrinking total market share.
WHAT ARE PERSEIDES?
The word Perseides is found in Greek mythology and refers to the descendants of Perseus — the name of a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift-Tuttie. They are so called because they appear to come from the constellation Perseus. This shower is visible from midJuly each year, with peak activity between August 9 and 14, and is sometimes referred to as the "tears of St Lawrence", as August 10 is the saint's martyrdom.
WHAT ARE JACK-O-LANTERNS?
They are carved pumpkins with lights inside commonly seen on Halloween night. The top of the pumpkin is cut off, the inside flesh scooped out and a face carved on its surface. These are used partly for fun and partly believing that they represent the souls of departed elders who protect houses from evil spirits. Ac cording to an Irish folk tale, the soul of a dishonest farmer called Jack wanders the earth burning amber inside a vegetable. The Jack-o-lantern is supposed to have been named after him.
WHAT IS QUASI-RESONANCE?
A 'quasi-resonant' DC to DC converter with zero-current and zero-voltage switching includes a transformer with primary and secondary windings, and periodic switching means connected in series with the primary winding. The topology of the converter is determined by selecting an input capacitor with a capacitance much lower than the output capacitor.
WHO IS AN EXCEPTOR?
An exceptor is a person who chooses to eat meat on special occasions. A vegetarian by habit, the exceptor makes exceptions for days like weddings, festivals and celebrations. After the vegan,eggetarian and flexitarian, it is the exceptor who is basically vegetarian, but makes changes in diet to suit the occasion.
WHAT IS THIGMOTROPISM?
Thigmotropism is the growth of a plant around a support. Tropism is a phenomena by which a plant, usually climber like money plant and ivy, responds to a stimulus. Stems of the pea plant, for instance, are weak and have coil-like structures called tendrils. When tendrils approach a support (stick), a phytohormone called auxin is released in the side of the tendril away from the support. Auxin, a growth hormone, elongates the cells of that portion and makes it strong. The other portion, devoid of auxin, becomes weak and coils around the support.
WHY DO THE EYES OF SOME ANIMALS GLOW IN THE DARK?
Some animals have a special, reflective surface right behind their retinas, called the tapeturn lucidum, which helps animals see better in the dark. When light enters the eye, it hits a photoreceptor that transmits the information to the brain. But sometimes light doesn't hit the photoreceptor, so the tapetum lucidum acts as a mirror to bounce it back for a second chance.
WHY DON'T WE FEEL THE TONES OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE?
Atmospheric pressure, which is about 1 kg per'sqcm of area, presses down on our body from all sides, but we don't feel it as it is balanced by fluid pressure from inside our body We can feel the difference during rainy season or when we go. to places where atmospheric pressure is less, like hill stations, where due to higher fluid pressure, blood oozes out in blood vessels, making the skin over those pink. The reverse happens under water.
WHY DO FOOD PACKAGES CARRY KCAL WHEN THEY ACTUALLY SPECIFY CALORIES AND NOT KILO-CALORIES?
Kilocalories are commonly known as calories and abbreviated as kcal. One calorie (Kcal) has the same energy value as 4.186 kilojpules-(kJ), while one kilojoule is equivalent to 0.24 calories. One calorie contains the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one litre of water by 1 degree Celsius.
WHAT IS SPIDER SILK?
Spider silk, also known as gossamer, is a protein fibre spun by spiders. Spiders use their silk to make webs. They can also suspend themselves using it. Many small spiders use silk threads for ballooning, the scientific term for the dynamic kiting spiderlings (mostly) used for dispersal. They extrude several threads into the air and let themselves get carried away with upward winds.
WHAT IS A SICK-OUT?
A sick-out is concerted action by a group of employees, who call in sick to protest against the company and its policies. It is meant to hold the company to ransom. In ordinary language, it is a strike to show the power they hold over the company's working. It is a slightly more devious method than taking to the streets openly and raising slogans. Employees hope to put pressure on the company and force it to meet their demands.
WHAT IS UNBREAKABLE GLASS MADE OF, AND IS IT REALLY UNBREAKABLE?
The presence of micro cracks on the glass surface (called Griffith's micro cracks) makes glass breakable under tension or impact. Such micro cracks are unavoidable as the glass surface comes under tension while cooling from a high temperature into various shapes. However, one can increase its impact resistance by various methods, so it can withstand even the impact of a bullet. The idea is to remove the surface micro cracks by chemical etching, or putting the glass surface under compression by physical or chemical toughening. One can even laminate two such toughened glass plates with resin in-between. These glasses are unbreakable, but when the threshold value is very high, it eventually breaks or cracks.
WHAT IS UNIVERSAL TIME COORDINATED?
Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) is a time standard based on International Atomic Time with leap seconds added at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation. A leap second is a positive or negative one-second adjustment to the UTC scale that keeps it close to Mean Solar Time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The difference between UTC and Mean Solar Time is not allowed to exceed 0.9 seconds, so if high precision is not required, the general term Universal Time may be used. Time zones are expressed as positive or negative offsets from UTC. While each day contains 24 hours and each hour 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute can be 60,61 or 59.
HOW DO SENSOR DOORS WORK?
Sensor doors use motion sensors or presence sensors. The first are used to activate the door when it detects a moving object, such as a pedestrian or shopping cart. Motion sensors can distinguish between objects moving toward the door or away from it. They use microwave technology and utilize the Doppler Effect principle. The sensors emit a high frequency microwave signal — when the wave encounters a moving object, it bounces back and its frequency changes in proportion to the object's speed; Presence sensors detect both moving and non-moving objects in the path of the door. Presence sensors use infrared technology — they emit an invisible pulsed light signal. The receiver looks for the reflected signal and reacts.
WHAT IS WEISURE?
Weisure time is when work is done during leisure time. With the line between work and leisure blurring thanks to online work and smartphones, a new work-life culture has been created. Sociologist Dalton Conley coined this word, having observed that 9-5 jobs are giving way to this new lifestyle.
WHO DISCOVERED COMETS? HOW IS THE TAIL FORMED?
Comets have been known to mankind since eons, hence it cannot be said that comets were discovered by any single individual. A comet, like planets and asteroids, orbits around the sun — with fee orbital period varying from a few years to thousands of years. A comet is formed of rock, ice, dust and a few frozen gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane. When a comet is close to the sun, the radiation from the sun causes the volatile matter in the comet to vaporize and spread out into space in the form of its tail, its dust particles and ions glowing due to sunlight falling on it.
WHAT IS HAY FEVER AND WHY IS IT SO CALLED?
Hay fever is a form of allergy belonging to a group of maladies including hives, asthma and skin problems caused by protein sensitization.During certain seasons, many plants, grasses release their pollens into the air in large quantities. A person is said to have hay fever when he/she is sensitive to these pollens and other substances present in the air. It is called hay fever because the symptoms of the disease appear during spring and fall in England.
HOW IS THE HEIGHT OF WATER TIDES PREDICTED?
As astronomical data is not sufficient to calculate tides, predictions are also based on actual tidal measurements in many areas, over ah extended period. A network of tide stations is equipped to take the following measurements every six minutes: tide levels, wind speed and direction, water current speeds, directions, air and water temperatures and barometric pressure. Stations that provide these daily predictions are called reference stations. Other stations are subordinate stations, which obtain predictions by applying a specific formula to this data. The formula is derived by observing how tides at the two stations related to one another in the past.
HOW DO SOLAR CELLS CONVERT SUNLIGHT INTO ELECTRICITY?
Solar cells use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity by converting photons (light particles) into electrons (negatively charged particles). Photovoltaic cells are made of semiconductors and silicon, mixed with other material.
WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD COCKTAIL?
The word cocktail was used in 1806 and is of American origin. Bartenders would drain the dregs of all the barrels and mix them together, serving the resultant muddle at a reduced price. Cock was another name for spigot, and tailings is the last bit of alcohol, so this drink was called cock-tailings, quickly shortened to "cocktail".
WHAT IS A CUSHION ACCOUNT?
It is an account a person sets aside which has no demands of monthly expenses on it, and is used as an emergency or luxury fund. A few business people set aside cushion funds to help their business grow, and for stability. The word 'cushion' is used as it gives a certain level of comfort to the person.
WHAT IS MAGIC SAND?
Magic sand is water-repellent sand available in blue, green and red colours. When this sand in powder form is sprinkled on water, it sinks and forms a solid substance. This property is used to separate oil floating in the oceans — it can be sprayed on oil spills to enable it to mix with oil and take solid form. It is also used by utility companies in Arctic areas as it never freezes.
IF LEAVES GET THEIR COLOUR FROM CHLOROPHYLL, WHAT GIVES FLOWERS THEIR COLOUR?
Plant cells have cell organelles known as plastids, which are colouring agents. There are three types of plastids — chloroplasts (contain green pigment chlorophyll), leucoplasts (white or colourless plastids) and chromoplasts (contain other pigments). All cells have varying proportions of these. Flowers have a majority of the third type and get their colours from these.
HOW IS A MOCKTAIL DIFFERENT FROM A COCKTAIL?
Cocktail is a style of mixed drinks, and usually contains one or more types of liquor and mixers, such as bitters, fruit juice or herbs. Mocktail is a non-alcoholic cocktail. Mocktail is also know as 'virgin cocktail'.
WHAT IS A MINSKIAN PONZI DEAL?
The Minskian Ponzi deal was a theory propounded by American economist Minsky, in 1986. Such deals are both unsustainable and hazardous. In Minsky's view, periods of economic and financial stability lead to a lowering of investors' risk aversion and a process of releveraging. Investors borrow excessively and push asset prices excessively high. In this process, there are three types of investors/borrowers. First, sound or hedge borrowers who can afford to pay on their own. Second, speculative borrowers who can only service interest payments out of their cash flows. Finally, there are Ponzi borrowers who can service neither interest nor principal payments, and need to keep on refinancing their debts.
WHAT DOES THE MONTH OF RAMZAN SIGNIFY?
Ramzan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Muslims fast for the entire month. They are obliged to abstain from all food, drink, tobacco and conjugal relations from dawn till sunset. The spiritual aspects include refraining from gossiping, lying, slandering and all such traits of bad character. The month of Ramzan is a time for spiritual reflection, prayer, recitation of the Quran, doing 'Zikr', endurance and selfdiscipline, to train the soul and body to be able to exercise self-restraint.
WHO IS A SEXER?
A sexer is a professional in a hatchery who can tell a male chick from a female. Also known as chick sexers, they are employed to separate the genders as hatcheries have different feeding programmes for them: females are reared to lay eggs and males are bred for their meat. Big hatcheries sex chickens as they have no use for male birds who are killed almost immediately. A sexer is trained to tell the chicks apart by their physical appearance and vents.
WHAT IS A SINKING FUND?
It is a fund set aside as a means to repay funds borrowed through a bond issue. The issuer makes periodic payments to a trustee who retires part of the issue by purchasing the bonds in the open market. Rather than the issuer repaying the entire principal of a bond issue on the maturity date, another company buys back a portion of the issue annually, and usually at fixed par value or at the current market value of the bonds, whichever is less. From the investor's point of view, a sinking fund adds safety to a corporate bond issue: with it, the issuing company is less likely to default on repayment.
WHY IS A SWINE FLU MASK CALLED N95?
Respirators or N95 masks can block 95% small particles that contain the H1N1 virus, which causes swine flu. These are expensive and can be used only for a single day. These masks are made of three layers of electrostaticallycharged microfibres, that block 95% particles, thus the name N95.
WHAT IS CLAYTRONICS?
Claytronics is an emerging field of engineering, drawing on nano technology and computer engineering. Claytronics or programmable matter refers to an assemblage of tiny components called claytronic atoms or catoms, which could assume the form of any object, depending on the programmes controlling the claytronics. This term also refers to the art of making clay caricatures of public figures, begun in 1996 by an Indian, Charuvi Agrawal.
WHAT DOES 'TROPICALIZED' ON A RADIO SET SIGNIFY?
Heat and humidity are the greatest enemies of any electrical equipment, so in tropical countries, such equipment is manufactured to withstand those climatic conditions. In a radio set, tropicalized means coating the electrical windings with resin, sealing the speaker hole with acoustically transparent cloth, installing" felt washers on the control knobs, and sealing openings for the antenna and earth connections.
WHAT IS A GRASS SKIRT?
A grass skirt, also called a hula skirt, is a traditional part of the dress worn by hula dancers on tropical islands. It is made of long blades of grass, most popularly seen on the island of Hawaii. Grass skirts are also worn in many cultures and tribes in Africa, like the Zulu tribals.
WHAT IS WHITE NOISE?
Noise that is produced by combining sounds of different frequencies together is called white noise. Since it contains all frequencies, white noise is used to mask other sounds. When two or three people talk, our brain can distinguish the sound of a particular person. But if a crowd cheers in a stadium, no individual voice can be identified. That's white noise and is most effectively used in the emergency siren.
WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL MELANISM?
It is caused when the natural environment of an organism is disturbed due to industrial pollution. As pollutants like soot and smoke darken the landscape, they disturb the environment of many organisms that rely on camouflage to avoid predation. This change makes them vulnerable to predators and creates a strong selective pressure due to which an organism with a darker colour is more likely to survive.
WHAT ARE BATHOLITHS?
Batholiths are enormous masses of igneous rock made up of once-molten material solidified below the earth's surface. These are usually made of granite and extend over thousands of miles. A well known batholith is located in the Sierra Nevada range of California, across 40,000 sqkm.
WHAT IS THE TATE?
The Tate is an art gallery originally titled the National Gallery of British Art. It is situated on Millbank in Pimlico, London. It was founded in 1897 by Henry Tafe with money earned from his sugar refineries. It was initially a collection of British art, concentrating on the works of Victorian painters. It later expanded to include foreign art and in the 20th century became principally a gallery devoted to Modernism. There are several other recently-opened Tate Galleries' in England, but the original gallery is now called Tate Britain.
WHO ARE STAGS IN THE STOCK MARKET?
An investor or speculator who subscribes to a new issue, expecting the price of the stock to rise immediately. upon the start of trading is known as a stag. The sole aim of a stag is to sell the shares soon after allotment to realize a quick profit.
WHAT IS A GREEN COLLAR JOB?
A green collar job involves working to better the environment, and is created by firms and organizations whose mission is to improve environmental quality. Work could include policies related to waste, energy and water conservation, solar energy, whole home performance and strengthening local food systems. These jobs are generated by sectors that produce goods which may need a green angle, like energy retrofits to improve conservation, constructing green buildings, composting, landscaping etc.
WHAT IS RASTAFARIANISM?
The Rastafarian movement originated in Jamaica in 1930s, based on the philosophies of Marcus Mosiah Garvey. Today, it has branched out, including groups that still hold Garvey's beliefs and groups that have disavowed his more controversial stances. His organization's aim was to unite black people (Negroes) with their rightful homeland, Africa. He prophesied about his people being redeemed by a future Black African king. This prediction was fulfilled in November 2, 1930, when Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned King of Ethiopia.
WHAT ARE WIDGETS?
Widget, literally, is a blend of window and gadget, coined by George S Kaufman in his play 'Beggar on Horseback'. It is a hypothetical manufactured good or product. In computing, the term has become frequently used to refer to objects on a computer screen the user interacts with. A widget is anything that can be embedded within a HTML page. Widgets often take the form of on-screen tools like clocks, event countdowns etc.
WHY DON'T TWO-WHEELERS HAVE A REVERSE GEAR?
A regular motorcycle has a 'sequential' manual transmission, meaning you can only shift up or down one gear at a time. It is also designed to spin one way only. Adding reverse would require the crankshaft to spin backwards, or a much larger, heavier, expensive transmission. So it is easiest to dismount and push the bike backwards.
WHAT IS A DUM DUM BULLET?
It is an expanding bullet designed to grow on impact, increasing in diameter to limit penetration and/or produce a larger diameter wound. There are many expanding bullet designs though the most commonly encountered are hollow-point bullet and the soft-point bullet. Such bullets are Sometimes known as 'dum dum' bullets. After an early British example pro- duced in the Dum Dum arsenal, near Kolkata, India, there were several expanding bullets produced by this arsenal for the .303 British cartridge.
WHO ARE STILT FISHERMEN?
Stilt fishing is an old tradition practised by around 500 fishing families in Galle, in southwestern-most Sri Lanka. These fishermen usually fish at sunset, noon and sunrise, with each one taking an elevated position and balancing about 2 metres above the wa- ter. The stilts are dug into the coral and bed of the sea. Stilt fishing started after the Second World War.
WHAT ARE SIN STOCKS?
They are stocks of companies which manufacture or deal with cigarettes, alcohol, weapons and sex-related products. They could be directly involved in the business or associated with such activities. Such companies are also called sin businesses.
WHY DOES SNOW LOOK WHITE BUT WATER IS COLOURLESS?
Snow is a block of individual ice crystals arranged together. When a light photon enters a layer of snow, it goes through an ice crystal on the top, which changes its direction slightly and sends it on to a new ice crystal, which does the same thing. Basically, all the crystals bounce the light all around, so that it comes right back out of the snow pile. It does the same thing to all the different light frequencies, so all colours of light are bounced back out. The 'colour' of all the frequencies in the visible spectrum combined in equal measure is white, so this is the colour we see in snow.
WHAT IS THE FULL FORM OF AK-47 AND WHAT DOES 47 REFER TO?
AK-47 stands for Russian Avtomat Kalashnikova 1947 (Automatic Kalashnikov 1947). Designed by Russian Mikhail Kalashnikov, it was the assault rifle used by most Eastern Bloc countries during the Cold War. The rifle was adopted and standardized in 1947, thus the name.
HOW IS THE TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES CALCULATED?
The earth has 360 imaginary lines called longitudes or meridians running vertically between the poles. Each of these longitudes is called a degree. The 0 degree longitude passing through Greenwich, near London, is considered as standard and the time of all other time zones are calculated accordingly. The time difference between each longitude (each degree) is 4 minutes. So if it is 12 noon at Greenwich (0 degree), it would be 12:04 pm at 1 degree meridian and so on. In India, the standard meridian is 82-and-half degree. So the time difference between Greenwich and India is 82.5 x 4, which is 330 minutes (5 hours 30 minutes).
WHAT IS LAISSEZ FAIRE?
Laissez faire is a French phrase and means to let things pass. The term is used to describe an economic system where the government intervenes as little as possible and leaves the private sector to organize most economic activity through markets. Classical economists were great advocates of a laissez faire system.
WHAT IS THE FREIMARKT?
Freimarkt means free fair. It was first held on October 16, 1035, in Bremen, Germany. It is the biggest festival in Northern Germany, with more than four million visitors each year. It is celebrated for 17 days in the last two weeks of October. The area covers approximately 100,000 sqm on two areas: the 'Kleiner Freimarkt' (Small Free Fair) on the market square. It is famous for its beer tents and amusement rides. An annual highlight is the 'Freimarktsumzug' (Free Fair Procession).
HOW ARE ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS BLOCKED BY THE OZONE LAYER?
The ozone layer contains ozone molecules — 03 molecules — which are formed by the action of ultra-violet rays on atmospheric oxygen. This oxygen, which is 02, converts into 03 when UV rays fall on it. When these rays fall on the surface of the atmosphere, they are absorbed in the conversion of oxygen into ozone. As a result, ultra-violet rays are blocked by this ozone layer.
HOW IS THE TEMPERATURE OF A STAR MEASURED?
As stars are very far away, their temperatuce cannot be measured directly. Fortunately, the light coming from stars can be analyzed through several scientific instruments. Although all stars appear white, they have different colours when carefully viewed. The variations are a result of their temperature — cold stars appear red, and hot ones blue or white. The colour of a star is measured by an instrument called photoelectric photometer, which involves passing the light through different filters and finding the amount that passes through each filter. The measures from the photometer are converted to temperature, using standard scales.
WHICH IS THE WORLD'S LONGEST STORYBOOK?
Marcel Proust's A La Recherche Du Temps Perdu' (translated as In Search of Past) is the world's longest novel, according to the Guinness World Records. The influential 13-volume work contains 9,609,000 characters, with each letter and space counting as one character.
WHY DOES A FALLING OBJECT HAVE NO WEIGHT?
Every body on this earth is attracted by the gravitational pull of the earth. A freely falling object has weight W=mg, where W-weight, m-mass of the object and g-acceleration produced due to the earth's gravity An object kept in a lift which falls freely, weighs zero on the weighing machine, but its actual weight is still mg. This happens because the normal reaction force exerted on the object in the lift is equal to zero, and normal force equals to mg, which in turn equals the weight of the object.
WHAT IS THE REOG DANCE?
It is a spectacular dance with several dancers wearing bright, colourful costumes, accompanied by merry music. It is always held in open terrain, such as a square, street etc. This dance is a traditional art form combined with a magical show or trance dance. The Reog dates back to the Hindu period in East Java in Indonesia.
WHAT IS CROWD MINING?
Crowd mining is a new business concept where solutions can come from crowds, and marketers are turning to them as a database. The changing economy brought in this concept to tap expensive or even unavailable information and it goes beyond surveys and crowd sourcing.
WHAT IS OCTOBER HEAT?
The weather in the month of October in the Indian sub-continent is called 'October heat'. By the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the northern plains. October and November form the period of transition from the hot rainy season to dry winter conditions.
WHAT IS AWACS?
AWACS stands for Airborne Warning And Control System that helps the Air Force detect incoming missiles and enemy aircraft from across the country's border. AWACS is described as an 'Eye in the Sky' as it can carry out surveillance at about 400-km range under all-weather situations, and to lock on to 60 targets at a time simultaneously.
WHAT IS THE SCHWARZSCHILD RADIUS?
It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. This term is used in physics and astronomy, especially in the theory of gravitation and general relativity. m 1916, Karl Schwarzschild obtained an exact solution to Einstein's field equations for gravitational field outside a nonrating, spherically symmetric body. The solution contained a formula, where one of the values came to be known as Schwarzschild Radius.
WHO WERE THE IRON CHANCELLORS?
A hundred years ago, Germany was divided into many small states. In one of these states, Prussia, the chancellor or chief minister to the king, was Otto Von Bismarck. A strong and ruthless man, Bismarck built Prussia into the strongest of all German states. He got his nickname of 'The Iron Chancellor' when he said Germany could become a great power "through blood and iron".
HOW IS THE HEIGHT OF DIFFERENT PLACES ON EARTH MEASURED FROM THE SEA LEVEL?
The height of different places on earth is measured with the help of the 'altimeter'. It is basically a barometer without the mercury, and instead of instead of the pressure graduating in a barometer, the corresponding height graduates.
WHAT IS CRAB FOOTBALL?
Crab soccer (American English) or crab football (British English) is an informal sport for two teams. Unlike soccer, players support themselves on their hands and feet and face up, in motions that make them look like crabs, a method known as crab walking. This sport involves kicking, so safety is at the root of many rules. Like soccer, players other than the goalkeeper must not touch the ball with their hands.
HOW DOES A MOBILE VIBRATE?
There is a little motor fitted in a cell phone. This motor is unevenly weighted on its output shaft. When this motor rotates, the rotating uneven weight causes the mobile to vibrate.
WHAT IS TELEPRESENCE?
Telepresence is the next-gen videoconferencing technology, which provides superior images. The demand for telepresence solutions has grown, with companies seeing it as an alternative to send executives for meetings. It also reduces a company's carbon footprint by cutting down frequent flying. Setting up a telepresence suite can be very expensive, though.
HOW IS THE MASS OF HEAVENLY BODIES MEASURED?
The mass of a heavenly body can be measured by knowing the orbital period (time it takes to complete one orbit around the other body), the distance between two bodies and gravitational constant. The orbital time is inversely proportionate to the square root of the sum of the masses of two bodies and directly proportion distance raised to power three by two.
WHAT IS AN ELECTRON GUN?
It is a device in the back of a "cathode ray tube" television or computer monitor (pre-plasma or LCD flat-panel). The electron gun fires a stream of electrons from the back of the TV onto the inside face of the screen, which is coated with a material that glows when hit by electrons. By using powerful magnets to direct the stream across the screen, a series of dots ('pixels') is built over the screen which appears as an image.
WHO INVENTED THE SPEECH BUBBLE AND WHEN WAS IT FIRST USED?
One of the earliest antecedents to the modern speech bubble was the speech scroll — wispy lines that connected first person speech to the mouths of 'speakers in Meso-American art. In Western graphic art, labels that reveal what a figure is saying have appeared even in the 13th century Word balloons began appearing in 18th century printed broadsides and political cartoons from the American Revolution often used them.
WHY ARE CELLPHONES SWITCHED OFF WHILE FLYING?
Mobile phones are radio transmitters and as such, were banned from use in civilian airplanes, for fear they could interfere with airplane avionics. There was also concern that a cellular phone would cause disruption to the cell systems' towers, and distract passengers during take-off and landing.
WHAT IS A DIRTY BOMB?
A dirty bomb is a simple explosive device used not so much to produce extensive damage but to contaminate a designated spot with radioactive material. It's primary role is to spread fear.
WHAT IS THE PEKING OPERA?
The Peking Opera, which originated in the late 18th century, is a synthesis of music, dance, art and acrobatics. It is the most influential of all operas in China, and can be divided into 'civil' pieces characterized by singing, and 'martial' ones featuring acrobatics and stunts. Some operas are a combination of both. The operatic dialogues and monologues are recited in the Beijing dialect.
WHAT IS A PINK ELEPHANT?
The term 'pink elephant' is used to describe something obvious and uncomfortable, but which obody wants to talk about. At the workplace or in business communications, it is something that is buried under the carpet when things go wrong. It refers especially to a situation of unhealthy relationships between women colleagues — one woman may try to bully the other women out of rivalry to stay in control. Broaching such a topic may be embarrassing to all, so it is called a "pink elephant in the room".
WHY IS AN ATOM SPHERICAL IN SHAPE?
The shape of an atom refers to the shape of the imaginary volume in which its electrons orbit. Different electrons orbit at different levels. The shape of the atom depends on several factors, including the angular momentum of electrons. Only the simplest atoms have a spherical shape. Heavy atoms have a more complex shape.
WHAT IS INCOGNITO BROWSING?
It is used for browsing in stealth mode, for a situation when we don't want our history to be tracked. Web pages that are opened and files downloaded while browsing incognito are not logged in the browser.
WHAT IS MICRO-PROPAGATION?
Micro-propagation is the technique of multiple production of plants in-vitro. It is used for plants that do not produce seeds or respond to normal vegetable reproduction. Micro propagation's main advantage is to produce disease-free plants in multiple numbers and cloning of plants.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF H2O2 IN THE GREY-HAIR PUZZLE?
New research shows that hair turns grey as a result of a chemical reaction that causes it to bleach itself inside out. When there is a dip in levels of an enzyme called catalase, hydrogen peroxide (H202) that naturally occurs in hair can't be broken down. As H202 builds up, the hair becomes grey.
WHO MADE THE FIRST ICE CREAM IN THE WORLD?
The origin of ice cream can be traced to the 4th century BC. Early references include Roman emperor Nero who ordered ice to be brought from the mountains and combined with fruit toppings, and King Tang (AD 618-97) of Shang, China, who had a method of creating ice and milk concoctions. Ice cream was brought from China back to Europe.
WHAT IS 'SMART ANTENNA' TECHNOLOGY?
This is a new technology in the field of wireless and mobile communications in which capacity and performance are usually limited by two major impairments — multipath and co-channel interference. A smart antenna enables a higher capacity by reducing multipath and co-channel interference. This is achieved by focusing the radiation in the desired direction and adjusting to changing traffic conditions.
WHAT IS THE GOLLIWOG ACT?
The golliwog act is a flexible contortion of the body in a dance form to create an impression that the contortionist is a doll. The name is taken from a literary character created by Florence Kate in her novel The Adventures of two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwog'.
WHAT IS A 'CASH AND CARRY STORE' AND WHY IS IT SO CALLED?
A cash and carry store is different from regular retail chains which target professional customers rather than end-consumers. This concept is based around self-service and bulk buying arid serves registered customers only. The core customer groups are hotels, caterers, traders and other business professionals. Such stores aim to prevent any intervention by middlemen and requires buyers to make their own arrangements and assume all risk.
HOW DOES HAIR GEL WORK?
The main ingredient in hair gels is a plastic called PVP, which is a polymer sealer. The polymers in PVP are dissolved in water or alcohol and form a clear film between each hair strand, attaching them to one another. Chemical experts call this "capillary power" because it's similar to how blood capillaries work. When gel is applied to wet hair, the PVP or similar ingredient absorbs water quickly. When the gel dries completely, it forms a fixed connection between hair strands.
WHAT IS A WORMHOLE?
A wormhole is a theoretical entity allowed by Einstein's theory of general relativity in which spacetime curvature connects two distant locations (or times). The term 'wormhole' was coined by American theoretical physicist John A Wheeler in 1957, based on an analogy of how a worm could chew a hole from one end of an apple through the centre to the other, thus creating a shortcut through the intervening space.
WHAT DOES MIRROR IMAGE MEAN IN BIOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY?
Mirror image is a concept from chemistry applied to organic materials. An example of this is glucose arid fructose. These molecules are mirror images of each other. Although it is possible to flip glucose and superimpose it over a fructose molecule, only in 2D (flat viewing) are they similar.
WHAT IS A 3-D FILM?
A 3-D film is any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images of the third dimension, the illusion of depth as seen by the viewer. It involves filming two images simultaneously, with two cameras, filming at 90 degree angle via mirrors. When viewed in such a way that each eye sees its photographed counterpart, the viewer's visual cortex will interpret the pair of images as a single three-dimensional image. Modern computer technology also allows for the production of pseudo-SD films using CGI and without the need for dual cameras.
WHAT IS SWEETHEARTING?
Sweet hearting is a method cashiers use to pass on goods to friends by failing to bill one. They do so by passing two items, and obscuring the barcode of one, so it goes unnoticed. Now, there are machines to pick out sweet hearting.
WHAT ARE MANGO SHOWERS?
Mango showers are those experienced prior to the arrival of the monsoon. These showers arrive generally in late April and May and are said to aid in the ripening of mangoes and from dropping prematurely from trees.
WHAT IS TERMINATOR GENE TECHNOLOGY?
The terminator gene is a specific genetic sequence inserted by scientists into a seed's DNA that renders the seed and the crop it produces sterile. Patented by the USDA and Delta and Pine Land Co., now owned by Monsanto, this terminator technology has no agricultural or economic benefits for farmers or consumers.
WHY IS THE FLAME OF A CANDLE POINTED?
The flame of a candle is produced when the wax of the candle melts due to heat and the molten wax rises in the wick. As the heated gas rises above from the base of the flame, it moves faster as the pressure decreases from the base to the top. As the rate at which the gas is released from the base is more or less constant, the flame becomes thinner and thinner from its base to the end, assuming a pointed tip.
HOW DID THE ABBREVIATION DR FOR DOCTORS ORIGINATE, AND WHY DO ENGINEERS NOT USE ER?
The abbreviation originated to separate people qualified to practice medicine from those holding the highest academic degree i.e. doctorate in nonmedical subjects. In USA, only dentists and vets are called doctors. Physicians and surgeons do not put 'Dr' before their names. Engineers, at least in India, put 'Er'.
WHAT IS A FLIPBOOK?
A flipbook is a small book with a series of printed images that create the illusion of motion when its pages are rapidly flipped. Typically, a flipbook is held in one hand while the thumb of the other flicks the pages and the user concentrates on the middle of each page. It relies on a basic optical principle known as persistence of vision. In India, flip books were popular in the seventies, when cola majors brought out flip books of cricketers in action.
WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF FORMULA I?
Formula One, also known as Formula 1 or Fl, and currently officially referred to as FIA Formula One World Championship, is the highest class of auto racing sanctioned by the Fidiration Internationale de 1'Automobile (FIA). The 'formula' in the name refers to a set of rules that all participants and cars must comply with.
WHAT ARE GTOR-MA CAKES?
Gtor-ma cakes are sacrificial cakes used in Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies as offerings to deities. The unbaked cakes are prepared by kneading parched barley flour and butter into cones. The cakes form part of the phyi-mchod, or eight offerings of external worship.
WHAT IS DIGITAL CLEANSE?
Digital cleanse is a term mooted by John Mayor, musician and avid blogger and tweeter, as a resolution and challenge for the first week of 2010. It means keeping off all digital contraptions — a stop to emailing, texting, social networking, blogging and surfing sites. It is seen as a new health craze, considered good for the body and mind. The basic idea is to unplug and meet people.
HOW DOES THE HYBRID ENGINE WORK?
Hybrid engines use two or more power sources. They consist of a usual fuel engine, complemented by a pollution-free engine, an electric engine for example. The fuel engine and brakes are used to recharge the batteries for the electric engine, eliminating the need to plug in while unused. When brakes are applied, some of the energy being used to stop the vehicle is collected by the regenerative brakes of the electrical engine. Hence, the electrical engine takes control when cruising, stopping or slowly acclerating, reducing the use of fuel.
WHAT IS THE AURORA PHENOMENON?
Charged particles ejected at great speeds from the sun ionise the air molecules resulting in spectacular colour display. These are seen from polar regions and are called aurora or polar lights. It is the luminous phenomenon of earth's upper atmosphere that occurs primarily in high latitudes of both hemispheres; aurorae in the northern hemisphere are called aurora borealis, or northern lights; aurora australis, or southern lights in the southern hemisphere.
WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE TERM 'SLAP-STICK COMEDY'?
The term 'slapstick comedy' is given to comedy characterized by broad humour, absurd situations and vigorous chases, often violent in action. The phrase comes from the term battacchio called the 'slap stick' in English. It is a club-like object composed of two wooden slats, and produces a loud smacking noise when struck, though little force is transferred to the person being struck. Slapstick comedy became popular in 19th-century music halls and Vaudeville theatres.
HOW AND WHEN DID THE TERM 'SIZE ZERO' COME INTO USE?
'Size zero' was first used in 1966 for British supermodel Twiggy, who had a fragile figure. Now, 'size zero' is a women's clothing size in the US system, equivalent to a UK size 4, with a waist measurement of 23 inches, the average girth of an 8-year-old girl. It is a petite size for women with a 32-inch bust, 23-inch waist and 32-inch hips, and is often linked to anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
HOW DOES THE 'MADRAS EYE' SPREAD?
Madras eye is the inflammation of the outermost covering of the eyeball and inner layer of eyelid. Medically, it is known as 'conjunctivitis'. It can be caused by various agents like bacteria, virus, wind, smoke, pollen, radiation or chemical agents. If a person comes in close physical contact of the infected person or his infected belongings, the bacteria or virus gets transmitted and thus, causes infection from person to person.
WHY DOES THE ORTHODOX CHURCH CELEBRATE CHRISTINAS ON JANUARY 7?
The Orthodox Church uses the old Julian calender which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calender. In the former Soviet Republic, the Bolsheviks adopted the Gregorian calender at the end of 1917, which put them in line with the rest of the Western world. However, the Orthodox Church, opposed to the Bolsheviks trying to suppress religion, kept the Julian calender.
WHAT IS COSMOPHOBIA?
Cosmophobia is an irrational fear that the world is about to end, and is sparked off by a belief among people that a cosmic end is near. The fear is ancient, and people have been readying for doom on and off — expecting floods, earthquakes, epidemics, drought, or even a collision with another planet. The latest bout was set off by the movie 2012, where the Mayan calendar counts December 21, 2012 as the last day Earlier, the 2000 millennium frenzy had everyone believe that the end was near. For ages now, there have been apocalyptic predictions which have fuelled cosmophobia, but until now, they have all come to nought.
WHAT IS AN ELEPHANT PEARL?
Elephant pearls are not really pearls, however, they are categorised as one of the nine pearls. These are produced in the heads and the sockets of the tusks of some elephants. It was believed that when worn by kings, they proved highly sanctifying and bestowed children, victory and sound health. Even now, they are considered to bring good luck.
WHAT IS A 'BANANA KICK' IN FOOT-BALL?
Banana kick is a checkside punt — a kicking style used in Australian Rules and rugby league football. When kicked, the ball bends away from the body and is usually used when a set shot for goal is lined up on a narrow angle. The banana kick comes off more from the inside of the boot, with the ball spinning in the same direction as the leg swings naturally.
WHAT IS THE ORACLE OF DELPHI?
The Oracle of Delphi was the most important oracle in the classical Greek World, and a major site for the worship of the god Apollo. Built around a sacred spring, Delphi was considered to be the omphalos — the centre of the world. Scholars congregated at Delphi, and it became a focal point for intellectual enquiry Delphi lies on the slopes of Mount Parnassus in Greece.
HOW MANY FLOWERS MUST A BEE TAP TO MAKE A POUND OF HONEY?
A bee taps 2 million flowers and flies 50,000 miles (80,000 kms) to make one pound (454 gm) of honey — traveling more than twice around the world to gather it. The basis of calculation is done after taking many facts for granted and the proof is often lost in the mists of time. C R Ribbands (1949) determined that one bee can visit several hundred of flowers for a load of sweet clover, and up to 1,100-1,446 flowers for a load of limantnes nectar.
WHAT IS THE SPHINX AWARD?
There are several types of Sphinx awards. The most popular one is given by Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity forcontribution to social service. President Stephen C Ainlay of Union College recently received the Sphinx Award from the brothers of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity for his contributions to the Union community. Another Sphinx Award is given in Coventry for outstanding performance in the local soccer league.
WHAT IS A GRAMMY SALUTE?
Grammy awards are presented annually for outstanding achievements in music. There is a week-long function called the Grammy Week, culminating in the Annual Grammy Awards. The rest of the week is marked by several connected events, of which the Salute To series is a part. Each of the Salute To events features a reception, presentation of a special merit certificate and guest performances.
WHEN DID THE PRACTICE OF THE HANDSHAKE BEGIN?
The origin of the handshake goes back to primitive eras: the physical contact of the hand symbolized peace and friendship. Later symbolism of the gesture, apart from a greeting, was the ratification of a contract or pledge. Even today, we clinch a contract or business deal by 'shaking hands on it.' Archaeological ruins and texts show the handshake was in use as a means of greeting as far back as the 2nd century BC.
WHAT IS THE BOXING DAY MATCH AND WHAT IS ITS ORIGIN?
The Boxing Day match is a cricket match hosted in Melbourne, Australia, and Victoria, involving the Australian cricket team and the opposition national team touring Australia at that time. It begins on Boxing Day (Dec 26) and is played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Boxing Day is so called as traditionally, it was the day when people would give a present or Christmas 'box' to those who worked for them throughout the year. These days, the 'box' is usually given before Christmas.
WHAT IS BAS-RELIEF?
Bas-relief is a French term meaning 'low-raised work.' A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modelled form is raised. There are three types of reliefs — 'bas-relief or low relief, 'high relief and 'sunken relief.' Bas-relief is suitable for scenes with many figures and other elements such as a landscape or architectural background. Stone carving and metal casting is traditionally done in bas-relief.
Colors: Cherry Finish: Cherry laminate finish Number of shelves: 18 fixed shelves Dimensions: 29 inches high x 14.5 inches wide x 14.5 inches deepAssembly required
Prepare food with this multi-functional turbo blenderChopper/ grinder/ blender/ mixer/ juicer is fast and easy to use Kitchen appliance lets you prepare most foods in seconds Powerful motor Stainless steel blade Microwave and dishwasher safe15 inches high x 8.5 inches wide x 9 inches deep
Highlights:Capable of testing various network cables including RJ45, RJ11, BNC, 1394 (4-4), 1394 (6-4), 1394 (6-6), USB (A-B) and USB (A-A).Allows you to quickly and easily check the quality of your network cablesCapable of testing various network cables such as RJ45, Rj11 and USB BNC cablesChecks open and short terminals, straight through crossover wiring typesQuality test network cables at a push of a buttonIdeal for IT technicians who wish to make and test their own network cablesLow battery power consumption (not supplied)Small and portable sizeLED lights indicate the quality of the network cablesSpecification:Connector type: RJ45, RJ11, BNC, 1394 and USBDimensions: 3.74 2.36 0.79inWeight: 2.01ozPackage Contents:1 x Multi-functional cable tester
Multi-functional pizza and toaster oven can be used to toast, defrost and reheat. Large capacity handles small/personal pizzas, bagels, French bread, garlic sticks and more...
Home Styles Hanover TV Stand is Constructed of Poplar solid hardwoods with Cherry veneers in a rich multi step Cherry finish. -Perfect for 42� Flat Screen TV�s. -Transitional styling features clean simple lines, and a comfortable functional design. -Two doors with raised wood detail. -Open center storage compartment with adjustable shelf accommodates your electronic components. -Convenient wire management openings. -Size: 44W x 18D x 26H. -Please note accessories are not included.
Home Styles Lafayette TV Stand is Constructed of Poplar solid hardwoods with cherry veneers in a rich multi step deep cherry finish. -Perfect for 42� Flat Screen TV�s. -Transitional styling features clean simple lines, and a comfortable functional design. -Two doors with raised wood detail. -Open center storage compartment with adjustable shelf accommodates your electronic components. -Convenient wire management openings. -Size: 44W x 18D x 26H. -Please note accessories are not included.
8 led Multi-functional Headlight The 3AAA - 8 LED Headlight features a comfortable and adjustable elastic strap that allows for hands-free use. This LED Headlight is compact and has a top mounted push button switch for ease of use. The headlight is multi-functional and contains 8 super bright white 5MM LEDs, 1 super bright red 5MM LED, and 1 super bright green 5MM LED. With a weather resistant design and a 12 hour run time, this headlight is perfect for any situation. The 3AAA - 8 LED Headlight comes complete with 3 AAA cell batteries.
The Espresso Multi- Functional Console Table, does just that! It is multi functional by meeting many different needs you have. This could be a great sofa table behind a sofa or up against a wall. The drawers conceal any unsightly clutter and keep you organized. The lower shelf is great for displaying your favorite personal items! This really can serve many purposes and looks great as a part of the Espresso Collection. Don't forget to check out the Espresso TV stand, coffee table, and audio pier/bookcase and furnish any room in your house!
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How to Artistically Accessorize Your Wardrobe
A lot of stylists say that accessorizing one's wardrobe is like putting icing on a cake. I respectfully disagree. Icing can compensate for a cake that's lacking in quality; thereby making it taste better than it really does.
Accessorizing is more like topping a sundae with a cherry. A well-prepared sundae is delicious on its own; the cherry only makes it more inviting and appealing.
Clothing accessories work the same way.
Below you will find tips on some of the more common accessories that can help complete an outfit, along with suggestions on how to best wear them to add artistic flair and personality to your wardrobe.
EARRINGS: Earrings come in a wide variety of shapes and styles. The key is to select earrings which best complement the shape of your face, draws attention to your best features, and accentuates the color scheme of your outfit. Most faces are oval or round. Long faces look best in round earrings (which shorten the face). Short faces look best in long earrings (which lengthen the face). If your face is round, avoid earrings which stick out and appear to make your face look wider. This includes hoops, circles, balls, and pyramid shapes. They are not good choices for you. Straight, long, or skinny earrings are better choices because they will elongate your face.
BELTS: Much like earrings, belts come in a variety of shapes and styles. They can be worn conspicuously, inconspicuously, or fashionably. Skinnier belts are usually just functional. The bigger a belt is, the more multi-functional it becomes because it commands (or deflects) attention as a fashion garment, not just an accessory. Wider belts can create a waistline where one does not exist. It can also create a slenderizing effect. Shorter women should wear belts cautiously with dresses - they tend to visually break the body in half; making you appear shorter. To appear taller, go for a seamless, tapered waist.
Men who wear their shirts tucked in while in the workplace, should wear a belt. Period. Not wearing a belt makes you look incomplete. Black is the universal color for men's belts; however, a well-dressed man should own - in addition to black - a brown, navy blue, and grey belt which matches their pants.
TIES: There has been so much written about the tie as an accessory and I must say, it's very subjective. I will attempt to reduce the confusion through simplification: think of a tie as a means of tying your ensemble together. The shirt, the jacket, the pants - everything you have on. The tie should add style; not detract from it. The tie should increase power; not diminish it.
SHOES: Amazingly, shoes are the one fashion item that most men and women tend to get right (considering the copious options). Women are inclined to variety and volume, and men instinctively gravitate towards higher-end shoes when it's time to dress-up. That's a good choice. I'm partial to my shoes matching my pants, but for most men, black and/or brown dress shoes which are well-kept and polished, are essential. Shoe selection should also be seasonal.
Women who wear high heels with the toes exposed should ALWAYS have the requisite pedicure and nail polish embellishment! Lack thereof is a serious offense that shows lack of attention to detail. Ditto for men wearing dress sandals. Either your toes complement the quality of the shoes you wear, or they detract from it.
ACCOUTREMENTS: Necklaces, rings, bracelets, watches, scarves, glasses, and hats are all accoutrements. With the exception of hats (which can be the centerpiece of an ensemble), accoutrements and their importance become magnified when you are under greater scrutiny. No one will see the diamond ring you are wearing from across the street, but they will notice it when they engage you in a conversation - along with the necklace, watch, and bracelet you are wearing. The rule of thumb with accoutrements is less is ALWAYS more, and your metals should always match. Accoutrements should never be used to compensate for an outfit that lacks flair, but should be used as a subtle tool to enhance it.
Happy accessorizing!
About the Author
Gian Fiero is an educator, speaker and consultant. He specializes in business development, career planning, and personal growth issues. He is affiliated with San Francisco State University as an adjunct professor, and the United States Small Business Administration (SBA) as a business advisor where he conducts monthly workshops in addition to lecturing throughout the country.
September 7th, 2011 
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